Cosmetic jar of Tutankhamun with lion on lid

This exquisite alabaster cosmetic jar, once used for unguents or perfumes, is a remarkable example of the refined craftsmanship of Tutankhamun’s era. Its most striking feature is the lid, adorned with a finely sculpted recumbent lion, its mouth agape with an ivory tongue protruding—an unusual and expressive detail.

Encircling the jar are intricate scenes depicting lions and dogs in pursuit of bulls and gazelles, their forms delicately incised and enhanced with red, green, and blue pigment. Two elegant columns with lotus capitals flank the vessel, supporting the head of the protective deity Bes. The jar itself is set upon crossed bars, terminating in the heads of Egypt’s traditional enemies, a motif symbolising dominance and protection.

Discovered within the Boy King’s tomb (KV62) in the Valley of the Kings, West Thebes, this piece dates from around 1332-1323 B.C.

The lid, carved from the same block of calcite as the vessel, features a swivel mechanism for access, secured by a cord wound around side-mounted knobs. The lion, rendered with remarkable attention to detail, is accentuated with blue pigment on its eyes, ears, nose, claws, eyebrows, and tail tip, while its ivory tongue is stained a subtle pink. It rests with its left paw placed over the right, conveying a sense of both vigilance and repose.

Lion Symbolism in Ancient Egypt

To the Ancient Egyptians, and to the king in particular, the lion was a powerful symbol of strength, courage, and royal authority, often associated with the pharaoh. As the king of beasts, the lion represented the pharaoh’s prowess in battle and his divine role as protector of Egypt. Hunting scenes, particularly those depicting the pharaoh slaying or hunting wild game, were commonly used to symbolise the ruler’s power, mastery over nature, and ability to protect and provide for his people. These scenes were not only a reflection of the king’s physical might but also his connection to the gods, particularly the lioness goddess Sekhmet, who embodied war and healing. By portraying the pharaoh in such contexts, the lion became an emblem of both royal sovereignty and divine favour.

The depiction of the lion with its tongue hanging out on the lid of the jar is a deliberate artistic choice that carries symbolic significance. As mentioned, in Ancient Egyptian art, animals, including lions, were often portrayed with exaggerated features to convey specific meanings or attributes. The open mouth and protruding tongue may symbolise the lion’s fierce nature, emphasising its role as a protector and symbol of strength. It also suggests the lion is at rest or in a state of languor, rather than in an aggressive posture, which could highlight the balance between power and calm—a reflection of the pharaoh’s control over both his enemies and his domain.

Additionally, the tongue may have had a ritualistic or symbolic connotation, possibly linked to the lion’s role as a guardian figure. The god Bes, deemed a protector of women and children, was often depicted with his tongue on display.

The tongue could also allude to the idea of speech or command, reinforcing the idea of the pharaoh’s authority and dominion over both the natural world and his people. All in all, the combination of power and rest in the lion’s posture could symbolise the pharaoh’s dual role as a fierce ruler and a wise, peaceful leader.

Oils and Perfumes in Ancient Egypt

Oils and perfumes played a vital role in Ancient Egyptian daily life, religion, and burial practices. Scented oils, often infused with myrrh, frankincense, and lotus, were used for personal adornment, skincare, and religious rituals. Perfumes were considered a mark of luxury and divinity, with pharaohs and nobility anointing themselves to signify status and purification. Unguent jars, such as those found in Tutankhamun’s tomb, highlight the artistry of Egyptian craftsmanship and the importance of fragrance in both life and the afterlife.